Introduction to elements in steel Manganese (Mn) Manganese is used to deoxidize ferromanganese in steelmaking and remains in steel. Manganese can remove FeO in steel, improve steel quality and reduce the brittleness of steel. Manganese and vulcanization combine to form MnS, eliminate the harmful effect of sulfur, and improve the hot working performance of steel. The content of manganese in carbon steel is generally controlled between 0.25 and 0.80%. Manganese can be dissolved in ferrite to form manganese ferrite, which plays the role of strengthening ferrite. Manganese can also be dissolved in Fe3C to form alloy cementing, thus improving the strength of carbon steel. Manganese is a beneficial impurity element, and a small amount of manganese has no significant effect on the performance of steel. Silicon (Si) Silicon is also added to the steel as a deoxidizer. The content of silicon in carbon steel is usually controlled between 0.03-0.4%, and most of it is dissolved in ferrite, forming silicon ferrite, which plays the role of strengthening ferrite and improving the strength and hardness of steel. But plasticity and toughness have decreased. The lack of silicon has no significant effect on the properties of the steel. Sulfur (S) Sulfur is brought into steel by ore and fuel in steelmaking, sulfur is insoluble in iron, and the form of different FeS exists, FeS and Fe can form a melting point of 985℃ eutectic, and are distributed on the grain boundaries of austenite when the steel is rolled and forged at 1000-1200℃, will melt the eutectic crystal on the grain boundaries, is the steel brittle, this phenomenon is called thermal brittleness, Sulfur is a harmful impurity, so the carbon content in steel must be strictly controlled. The har

This is an article one after 30 Questions About Heat Treatment (2) that answers another 10 asked questions about heat treatment.   21.What is Fracture Toughness? How to judge whether a part has low stress brittle fracture according to the fracture toughness K1C of the material, the working stress σ of the part and the crack radius length α in the part? The performance index that indicates the ability of a material to resist fracture is the fracture toughness. If K1>K1C, the material has low stress brittle fracture. Compared with the steel phase transformation characteristics of gray cast iron: 1. Cast iron is a Fe-C-Si ternary alloy, and the eutectoid transformation is in a wide temperature range, and there are ferrite + austenite + graphite at this temperature; 2. The graphitization process of cast iron is easy to carry out, and the process can be controlled to obtain cast iron with ferrite matrix, pearlite matrix and ferrite + pearlite matrix; 3. By controlling the austenitizing temperature heating, heat preservation and cooling conditions, the carbon content of A and transformation products can be adjusted and controlled within a considerable range;

This is an article one after 30 Questions About Heat Treatment（1） that answers another 10 asked questions about heat treatment. 11. Briefly describe the principles of sensor design. 1. The coupling distance between the sensor and the workpiece should be as close as possible.           2. For the workpiece of heating by the outer wall of the coil, the drove must be added.           3. Avoid sharp angle effects on the design of a sharp-angle sensor.           4. Avoid offset the magnetic line.           5. The sensor design should try to meet the workpiece when heating.   12. What basic principles should designers consider when choosing materials?       1. According to the working con

This is an article that answers 10 asked questions about heat treatment. 1.What are the commonly used quenching methods, explain the principle of using different quenching methods? Quenching method:      1. Monochrome quenching——cooled to the end in a quenching medium, the stress thermal stress of monoclonal quenching tissue is relatively large, and the quenching deformation is large.      2. Double liquid quenching——Purpose: Fitly cool between 650 ° C and ms, so that V>VC will slowly cool down below MS to reduce tissue stress. Carbon steel: water first and then oil. Alloy steel: Oil first and then air.      3. Classified quenching——After removing the workpiece, stay at a certain temperature to make the temperature consistent on the inside and outside of the workpiece, and then the air-cooled process, the grading quenching occurs when the M phase becomes in the air, and the internal stress is small.      4. Wait for temperature quenching——refers to the temperature of the bell temperature zone, the bainite transformation occurs, the internal stress decreases, and the deformation is small. The principle of the selection of quenching methods should consider not only considering the requirements of performance, at the same time reduce the quenching stress to avoid quenching deformation and cracking.

What is NDT？ Testing is an integral part of equipment maintenance. It is critical to evaluate the materials, components, design, and structure of products and assets. Programs can be classified as destructive or non-destructive based on the state of the component under test after the detection is complete. If the component is damaged during detection, the detection method used is called destructive detection. In contrast, nondestructive testing is carried out without causing damage to the equipment under test. In this paper, we will focus on the different applications of nondestructive testing methods. What is nondestructive testing? Testing methods that do not compromise the structural integrity of the part under test are called nondestructive testing (NDT). NDT employs a variety of inspection techniques to evaluate components individually and collectively. It uses different principles from the fields of science (physics, chemistry, and mathematics) to examine components. NDT can also be called nondestructive assessment (NDE) or nondestructive testing (NDI). Let's imagine a piston running inside an engine being tested for defects or material degradation. The piston can be cut open to check for defects inside. However, once tested, even if

The mechanical properties of metallic materials refer to the behaviors exhibited by metallic materials under the action of external loads or the combined action of loads and environmental factors (temperature, medium and loading rate). The common mechanical properties of metals are shown in the following table: Mechanical properties of metals Common mechanical property indicators of metals Strength Yield strength, tensile strength, fracture strength Plasticity Elongation, reduction of area, strain strengthening index Elasticity Elastic modulus (stiffness), elastic limit, proportional limit Hardness Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness Resilience Static toughness, impact toughnes

                                           Large ring forging process Large rings usually refer to metal rings with a diameter of more than 1m, such as rotary supports on port machinery and mining machinery, offshore wind power yaw rotor bearings, tower flanges, nuclear reactor shells, heavy carrier rocket fuel storage tank connection rings, etc., which are important parts in machinery, energy, national defense and other industrial fields. Due to the harsh working conditions, this kind of ring usually needs to have a high comprehensive mechanical properties, at present, the main method of forging production, that is, forging and then rolling forming, the main process is: blanking → heating → billet → (reheating) → rolling → heat treatment → mechanical processing, as shown in the figure. 1. Cut the material Commonly used raw materials are continuous casting round billet, square billet, round ingot, round steel and large round corner square steel, etc. General raw materials need to be strictly inspected after entering the factory. The common cutting methods mainly include cutting by sawing machine (band saw, disc saw), electric discharge processing, gas cutting, and cutting by press after drawing the multi-angle ingot. Among them, the cutting of sawing machine is the most common application, and the specific cutting method should be reasonably selected according to the actual situation of cutting quality requirements, cutting cost, productivity and so on.   2.heat

The short shaft forgings produced by the company are intermediate shafts with a total length of 1120 mm and a large flange diameter of 1830 mm. Dimensions of short shaft forging are shown in Figure 1. The large flange diameter to rod diameter ratio of this short shaft forging is 2.3, which is the largest flange diameter to rod diameter ratio of the company's current production. The weight of the short shaft forging is 11 t, and the size of the maximum upsetting section of the ingot cannot meet the size of the large flange diameter. In order to increase the diameter of the ingot after upsetting, it is considered to increase the weight of the ingot by using two-piece forging. However, through calculation, it is found that the forging ratio of flange using two consecutive forging and one upsetting process can not meet the technical requirements, and two upsetting and two drawing are needed. In addition, because the forging section is too large to meet the minimum mark length after upsetting, the bottom of the drawing is prone to concave shape, and the riser end is easy to wrap the pliers, resulting in production difficulties and high scrap rate. A forging method suitable for producing short shaft forgings is developed by using the front and back upsetting flanges and rods.   1. Forging difficulties The product has high testing requirements, and the forging ratio of large flanges is ≥2.5. The flange diameter is large, and the section size of the ingot after upsetting cannot meet the requirements of the flange diameter. The second step can not meet the diameter requirement of the small flange after using the cutting material as the step blank. It is easy to make the two flanges eccentric when the front and back parts are upset twice. When upsetting the rod part on the back side, the deformation is small, resulting in the diam

The tubing head (also known as part of a wellhead unit) is a key component in the oil and gas industry used to control fluid flow in oil and gas Wells. It is installed above the wellhead and its main functions include but are not limited to formation isolation, production flow control, and downhole pressure monitoring. Based on this basic information, I will outline a typical tubing head product introduction, including its features, improvements, and comparative advantages over existing products on the market.   Characteristic function   1. High pressure resistance: Made of high-strength materials, it can withstand extremely high internal pressure to ensure safe operation. 2. Excellent sealing performance: through precision machining technology to ensure the tightness of the connection parts, effectively prevent leakage. 3. Easy maintenance: The design takes into account the needs of daily inspection and regular maintenance, making it easier to replace parts or clean. 4. Strong adaptability: suitable for operation under a variety of environmental conditions, whether onshore or offshore oil fields, can work stably. 5. Intelligent monitoring: Integrated sensors can monitor temperature, pressure and other parameters in real time, and transmit data to the remote control system through wireless communication technology.   improvement   Material upgrade: Use more advanced alloy materials to improve corrosion resistance and extend service life. Structural optimization: By fine-tuning the original design, the weight is reduced without sacrificing strength, which is easy to transport and install. The degree of automation is improved: the function of automatically adjusting the opening of the valve is increased, and the production rate can be automatically adjusted according to actual needs. Environmental

In today's manufacturing industry, with the continuous improvement of consumer requirements for product quality, finishing technology has gradually become an indispensable part of the manufacturing process. By adopting advanced finishing methods and technologies, enterprises can not only significantly improve the appearance quality, accuracy and performance of products, but also effectively reduce production costs and enhance market competitiveness. This paper will discuss the basic concepts, main types and application fields of finishing, and analyze its importance for the future development of manufacturing industry.   First. What is finishing? Finishing refers to a more refined and complex processing process after rough machining, with the purpose of further improving the quality and dimensional accuracy of the surface of the part or component to meet the design requirements. It involves removing small amounts of material to correct shape errors, smoothing surfaces, or adding specific textures.   Two. The main types of finishing 1. Grinding: The process of using grinding wheels or other grinding tools to remove extremely thin layers of materials on the surface of the workpiece, suitable for metal and non-metal materials. 2. Polishing: Through physical or chemical means to make the surface of the object become smooth and bright technology, widely used in jewelry, optical lenses and other fields. 3. Electroplating/electroless plating: Using the principle of electrolysis or chemical reaction to deposit a layer of metal film on the base material to increase the functional characteristics of aesthetics, corrosion resistance and so on. 4. Laser processing: The use of high energy density laser beam for material cutting, welding, marking and other processing, with the advantages of fast speed and high precision. 5 Ultrasonic cleaning: The use of ul

Introduction: With the increasing attention of the world to sustainable development, the forging industry, as an important part of the manufacturing industry, is facing unprecedented challenges and opportunities. This article will discuss how forging enterprises can achieve green transformation by adopting new technologies while facing environmental pressure, and share several successful cases in order to provide reference and inspiration for other enterprises in the industry.   Main contents: 1. Application of green technology Green technologies such as low carbon materials, high efficiency equipment and intelligent production system are introduced. Analyze how these technologies can help forging companies reduce energy consumption, reduce waste emissions, and improve product quality and production efficiency.   2. Analysis of successful cases - In-depth analysis of how a well-known forging company used advanced automated production lines and digital management platforms to not only achieve cost control, but also significantly enhance its competitiveness in the global market. - Explore how the company has effectively reduced its carbon footprint through continuous technological innovation while maintaining production efficiency.   3. Industry trend outlook - Predict what new development opportunities the forging industry will usher in in the next few years with policy support and technological progress. - Discuss how companies should actively embrace change and seize opportunities to achieve long-term sustainability.   4. Expert opinion - Highlight the importance of technological innovation to facilitate the shift to a more environmentally friendly and efficient model across the industry, citing industry experts. - Share their views and suggestio

In today's globalization, the forging industry is experiencing unprecedented changes and challenges. With the continuous progress of science and technology and the change of market demand, how to maintain the competitiveness of forging enterprises has become the focus of attention inside and outside the industry. As a leader in the forging industry with many years of experience, we understand the importance of innovation and technological upgrading to improve production efficiency and optimize product quality.   [Technological innovation] Our company has been committed to promoting technological innovation, the introduction of advanced automated production lines and intelligent management systems, greatly improving production efficiency and product quality. By adopting the latest forging technology, we are able to provide our customers with more accurate and durable products to meet the needs of different customers.   [Quality Assurance] We produce and inspect in strict accordance with international standards to ensure that every product meets the highest standards. Our quality management system has been ISO certified, which is not only a recognition of our strict control of the production process, but also an expression of our commitment to our customers.   Faced with increasingly severe environmental problems, we actively take measures to reduce energy consumption and emissions in the production process and promote green manufacturing. By using clean energy and recycled materials, we strive to reduce our environmental impact and fulfill our corporate social responsibility.   [Market development] In order to better serve global customers, we have established sales and service networks in many countries and regions. No matter where you are, you can enjoy our timely service and support. At the same time, we continue to pay attention to opportunities

With the development of modern industry, the requirements for material properties are increasing day by day. Among many materials, low-temperature steel is favored for its excellent low-temperature performance and is widely used in important fields such as aerospace and nuclear energy. However, how to effectively control the forging process parameters of low-temperature steel forgings to ensure their performance and quality has become an urgent problem to be solved in the industry.   一, the importance of low temperature steel forging process parameters   Forging is a processing method that causes plastic deformation of metal materials by applying pressure, and it is an important means to manufacture high-quality metal parts. In the forging process, the selection and control of parameters such as temperature, pressure and deformation speed directly determine the quality and performance of the forging. Especially for low-temperature steel forgings, the choice of forging process parameters is more critical, because the mechanical properties of low-temperature steel change significantly in the low-temperature environment, which requires high heat treatment in the forging process.   二. Analysis of forging process parameters of low-temperature steel forgings   1. Temperature control: low temperature steel forging temperature range is narrow, too high temperature will lead to coarse grain material, reduce material strength; However, too low temperature will cause the plasticity of the material to decrease and increase the difficulty of forging. Therefore, it is very important to choose the right forging temperature range. 2, the size of the pressure: the size of the forging pressure directly affects the change of the internal structure of the forging, thus affecting its mechanical properties. For low-temperature steel, the

1. How to prevent cracks in high manganese steel castings   1). Structural design of castings Structural problems such as too large a difference in wall thickness of castings, improper wall thickness transition, and too small fillet transition of castings are prone to cracks. Therefore, casting design should be closely combined with the casting process to avoid unreasonable casting design. For example, you can change the "+" cross section to a "T" shaped cross section, etc. 2). Casting process design (including various process factors and pouring system) Among the various factors in the casting process, the most important one is the concession of the casting mold, followed by the unreasonable design of the sand box. For example, box reinforcements may cause cracks if they hinder shrinkage. Therefore, there must be a certain distance between the box reinforcements and the castings and risers. If the gating system is improperly designed, multiple ingates that are introduced separately often crack at the connection with the ingates because they hinder the shrinkage of the casting. It should be pointed out in particular that at the inlet of the casting, the local temperature is high and it finally solidifies. Since insufficient feeding is not obtained, the shrinkage stress causes the casting to crack, so riser feeding is generally provided at the ingate. 3).

The properties of magnesium alloy at room temperature and high temperature are improved by precipitation hardening caused by solid strengthening and aging treatment.   The commonly used heat treatment methods of magnesium alloy mainly include solution treatment, aging treatment and annealing treatment, etc. The choice of heat treatment method mainly depends on the type of alloy and service conditions. In the actual production, the appropriate treatment process should be selected according to the requirements of mechanical properties, such as solid solution treatment can improve the yield strength and tensile strength of alloy plastic solid solution aging treatment.   () AnnealingThe plastic deformation ability of magnesium alloy is reduced by residual stress and uneven distribution of microstructure. These defects can be effectively reduced or eliminated by annealing process to improve the plasticity of magnesium alloys and prepare for subsequent processing.Fully annealed (0)To eliminate the deformation strengthening effect in the plastic deformation process, restore and improve its plasticity for subsequent deformation processing.Full annealing is very effective in eliminating work hardening and can restore and improve the working plasticity of the material. Since the deformation of magnesium alloy is generally carried out at high temperature, the deformed alloy is rarely completely annealed. This process can be used as the final heat treatment for some magnesium alloys with not obvious heat treatment strengthening effect.The temperature range of complete annealing is 300~400℃, the holding time is 3~8h, and the process parameters are selected appropriately according to the type of alloy and the degree of deformation.   Stress relief annealing (T2): eliminate the residual stress caused by the casting and processing of deformed magnesium alloy products.Stress relief anne

Annealing and quenching aging are the basic heat treatment forms of aluminum alloy. Annealing is a softening process. Its purpose is to make the alloy tend to be uniform and stable in composition and structure, eliminate work hardening, and restore the plasticity of the alloy. Quenching aging is a strengthening heat treatment, the purpose is to improve the strength of the alloy, mainly used in heat-treatable aluminum alloy.   一.annealingAccording to the different production demand, aluminum alloy annealing ingot homogenization annealing, blank annealing, intermediate annealing and finished annealing several forms.First, ingot homogenization annealingIn the condition of rapid condensation and non-equilibrium crystallization, ingot must have non-uniformity in composition and structure, and there is also a great internal stress. In order to change this situation and improve the thermal processing property of the ingot, it is generally necessary to carry out homogenization annealing. In order to promote the diffusion of atoms, homogenization annealing should choose a higher annealing temperature, but not more than the alloy low melting point eutectic melting point, the general homogenization annealing temperature is lower than the melting point 5~40℃, the annealing time is more between 12~24h. 二. blank annealingBlank annealing refers to the annealing before the first cold deformation in the process of pressure machining. The aim is to give the billet a balanced structure and maximum plastic deformation capacity. For example, the final rolling temperature of aluminum alloy hot rolled slab is 280~330℃, and the work hardening phenomenon can not be completely eliminated after rapid cooling at room temperature. Especially for heat-treated aluminum alloy, after fast cooling, the recrystallization process does not end, and the supersaturated solid solution is not completely decomposed, and some work hardening a