Introduction to elements in steel Manganese (Mn) Manganese is used to deoxidize ferromanganese in steelmaking and remains in steel. Manganese can remove FeO in steel, improve steel quality and reduce the brittleness of steel. Manganese and vulcanization combine to form MnS, eliminate the harmful effect of sulfur, and improve the hot working performance of steel. The content of manganese in carbon steel is generally controlled between 0.25 and 0.80%. Manganese can be dissolved in ferrite to form manganese ferrite, which plays the role of strengthening ferrite. Manganese can also be dissolved in Fe3C to form alloy cementing, thus improving the strength of carbon steel. Manganese is a beneficial impurity element, and a small amount of manganese has no significant effect on the performance of steel. Silicon (Si) Silicon is also added to the steel as a deoxidizer. The content of silicon in carbon steel is usually controlled between 0.03-0.4%, and most of it is dissolved in ferrite, forming silicon ferrite, which plays the role of strengthening ferrite and improving the strength and hardness of steel. But plasticity and toughness have decreased. The lack of silicon has no significant effect on the properties of the steel. Sulfur (S) Sulfur is brought into steel by ore and fuel in steelmaking, sulfur is insoluble in iron, and the form of different FeS exists, FeS and Fe can form a melting point of 985℃ eutectic, and are distributed on the grain boundaries of austenite when the steel is rolled and forged at 1000-1200℃, will melt the eutectic crystal on the grain boundaries, is the steel brittle, this phenomenon is called thermal brittleness, Sulfur is a harmful impurity, so the carbon content in steel must be strictly controlled. The har

This is an article one after 30 Questions About Heat Treatment (2) that answers another 10 asked questions about heat treatment.   21.What is Fracture Toughness? How to judge whether a part has low stress brittle fracture according to the fracture toughness K1C of the material, the working stress σ of the part and the crack radius length α in the part? The performance index that indicates the ability of a material to resist fracture is the fracture toughness. If K1>K1C, the material has low stress brittle fracture. Compared with the steel phase transformation characteristics of gray cast iron: 1. Cast iron is a Fe-C-Si ternary alloy, and the eutectoid transformation is in a wide temperature range, and there are ferrite + austenite + graphite at this temperature; 2. The graphitization process of cast iron is easy to carry out, and the process can be controlled to obtain cast iron with ferrite matrix, pearlite matrix and ferrite + pearlite matrix; 3. By controlling the austenitizing temperature heating, heat preservation and cooling conditions, the carbon content of A and transformation products can be adjusted and controlled within a considerable range;

This is an article one after 30 Questions About Heat Treatment（1） that answers another 10 asked questions about heat treatment. 11. Briefly describe the principles of sensor design. 1. The coupling distance between the sensor and the workpiece should be as close as possible.           2. For the workpiece of heating by the outer wall of the coil, the drove must be added.           3. Avoid sharp angle effects on the design of a sharp-angle sensor.           4. Avoid offset the magnetic line.           5. The sensor design should try to meet the workpiece when heating.   12. What basic principles should designers consider when choosing materials?       1. According to the working con

This is an article that answers 10 asked questions about heat treatment. 1.What are the commonly used quenching methods, explain the principle of using different quenching methods? Quenching method:      1. Monochrome quenching——cooled to the end in a quenching medium, the stress thermal stress of monoclonal quenching tissue is relatively large, and the quenching deformation is large.      2. Double liquid quenching——Purpose: Fitly cool between 650 ° C and ms, so that V>VC will slowly cool down below MS to reduce tissue stress. Carbon steel: water first and then oil. Alloy steel: Oil first and then air.      3. Classified quenching——After removing the workpiece, stay at a certain temperature to make the temperature consistent on the inside and outside of the workpiece, and then the air-cooled process, the grading quenching occurs when the M phase becomes in the air, and the internal stress is small.      4. Wait for temperature quenching——refers to the temperature of the bell temperature zone, the bainite transformation occurs, the internal stress decreases, and the deformation is small. The principle of the selection of quenching methods should consider not only considering the requirements of performance, at the same time reduce the quenching stress to avoid quenching deformation and cracking.

What is NDT？ Testing is an integral part of equipment maintenance. It is critical to evaluate the materials, components, design, and structure of products and assets. Programs can be classified as destructive or non-destructive based on the state of the component under test after the detection is complete. If the component is damaged during detection, the detection method used is called destructive detection. In contrast, nondestructive testing is carried out without causing damage to the equipment under test. In this paper, we will focus on the different applications of nondestructive testing methods. What is nondestructive testing? Testing methods that do not compromise the structural integrity of the part under test are called nondestructive testing (NDT). NDT employs a variety of inspection techniques to evaluate components individually and collectively. It uses different principles from the fields of science (physics, chemistry, and mathematics) to examine components. NDT can also be called nondestructive assessment (NDE) or nondestructive testing (NDI). Let's imagine a piston running inside an engine being tested for defects or material degradation. The piston can be cut open to check for defects inside. However, once tested, even if

The short shaft forgings produced by the company are intermediate shafts with a total length of 1120 mm and a large flange diameter of 1830 mm. Dimensions of short shaft forging are shown in Figure 1. The large flange diameter to rod diameter ratio of this short shaft forging is 2.3, which is the largest flange diameter to rod diameter ratio of the company's current production. The weight of the short shaft forging is 11 t, and the size of the maximum upsetting section of the ingot cannot meet the size of the large flange diameter. In order to increase the diameter of the ingot after upsetting, it is considered to increase the weight of the ingot by using two-piece forging. However, through calculation, it is found that the forging ratio of flange using two consecutive forging and one upsetting process can not meet the technical requirements, and two upsetting and two drawing are needed. In addition, because the forging section is too large to meet the minimum mark length after upsetting, the bottom of the drawing is prone to concave shape, and the riser end is easy to wrap the pliers, resulting in production difficulties and high scrap rate. A forging method suitable for producing short shaft forgings is developed by using the front and back upsetting flanges and rods.   1. Forging difficulties The product has high testing requirements, and the forging ratio of large flanges is ≥2.5. The flange diameter is large, and the section size of the ingot after upsetting cannot meet the requirements of the flange diameter. The second step can not meet the diameter requirement of the small flange after using the cutting material as the step blank. It is easy to make the two flanges eccentric when the front and back parts are upset twice. When upsetting the rod part on the back side, the deformation is small, resulting in the diam

The tubing head (also known as part of a wellhead unit) is a key component in the oil and gas industry used to control fluid flow in oil and gas Wells. It is installed above the wellhead and its main functions include but are not limited to formation isolation, production flow control, and downhole pressure monitoring. Based on this basic information, I will outline a typical tubing head product introduction, including its features, improvements, and comparative advantages over existing products on the market.   Characteristic function   1. High pressure resistance: Made of high-strength materials, it can withstand extremely high internal pressure to ensure safe operation. 2. Excellent sealing performance: through precision machining technology to ensure the tightness of the connection parts, effectively prevent leakage. 3. Easy maintenance: The design takes into account the needs of daily inspection and regular maintenance, making it easier to replace parts or clean. 4. Strong adaptability: suitable for operation under a variety of environmental conditions, whether onshore or offshore oil fields, can work stably. 5. Intelligent monitoring: Integrated sensors can monitor temperature, pressure and other parameters in real time, and transmit data to the remote control system through wireless communication technology.   improvement   Material upgrade: Use more advanced alloy materials to improve corrosion resistance and extend service life. Structural optimization: By fine-tuning the original design, the weight is reduced without sacrificing strength, which is easy to transport and install. The degree of automation is improved: the function of automatically adjusting the opening of the valve is increased, and the production rate can be automatically adjusted according to actual needs. Environmental

In today's manufacturing industry, with the continuous improvement of consumer requirements for product quality, finishing technology has gradually become an indispensable part of the manufacturing process. By adopting advanced finishing methods and technologies, enterprises can not only significantly improve the appearance quality, accuracy and performance of products, but also effectively reduce production costs and enhance market competitiveness. This paper will discuss the basic concepts, main types and application fields of finishing, and analyze its importance for the future development of manufacturing industry.   First. What is finishing? Finishing refers to a more refined and complex processing process after rough machining, with the purpose of further improving the quality and dimensional accuracy of the surface of the part or component to meet the design requirements. It involves removing small amounts of material to correct shape errors, smoothing surfaces, or adding specific textures.   Two. The main types of finishing 1. Grinding: The process of using grinding wheels or other grinding tools to remove extremely thin layers of materials on the surface of the workpiece, suitable for metal and non-metal materials. 2. Polishing: Through physical or chemical means to make the surface of the object become smooth and bright technology, widely used in jewelry, optical lenses and other fields. 3. Electroplating/electroless plating: Using the principle of electrolysis or chemical reaction to deposit a layer of metal film on the base material to increase the functional characteristics of aesthetics, corrosion resistance and so on. 4. Laser processing: The use of high energy density laser beam for material cutting, welding, marking and other processing, with the advantages of fast speed and high precision. 5 Ultrasonic cleaning: The use of ul

In today's globalization, the forging industry is experiencing unprecedented changes and challenges. With the continuous progress of science and technology and the change of market demand, how to maintain the competitiveness of forging enterprises has become the focus of attention inside and outside the industry. As a leader in the forging industry with many years of experience, we understand the importance of innovation and technological upgrading to improve production efficiency and optimize product quality.   [Technological innovation] Our company has been committed to promoting technological innovation, the introduction of advanced automated production lines and intelligent management systems, greatly improving production efficiency and product quality. By adopting the latest forging technology, we are able to provide our customers with more accurate and durable products to meet the needs of different customers.   [Quality Assurance] We produce and inspect in strict accordance with international standards to ensure that every product meets the highest standards. Our quality management system has been ISO certified, which is not only a recognition of our strict control of the production process, but also an expression of our commitment to our customers.   Faced with increasingly severe environmental problems, we actively take measures to reduce energy consumption and emissions in the production process and promote green manufacturing. By using clean energy and recycled materials, we strive to reduce our environmental impact and fulfill our corporate social responsibility.   [Market development] In order to better serve global customers, we have established sales and service networks in many countries and regions. No matter where you are, you can enjoy our timely service and support. At the same time, we continue to pay attention to opportunities